Abrahamic Genealogy — interactive

Abrahamic Genealogy — interactive

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Abrahamic Religions — a Time-Scaled Genealogy Bronze-Age Canaan → 21st c. · each line runs from a tradition’s founding to the present or its end · time axis is compressed for antiquity, stretched for the modern era Branches: West Semitic base Levantine cults Samaritan Judaism Baptist milieu / Mandaean-Manichaean Christianity Islam Syncretic Creole / folk Esoteric / heterodox / boundary Faded italic = extinct / merged / ended. Founding dates are approximate. ⇠ slate = external influence (horizontal transmission). Grey lines below = influence sources, on the same time axis. solid connector = well-attested descent; dashed = contested / speculative scholarly link. bold crimson = hard schism (mutual break, e.g. 1054, Reformation); dotted teal = in-communion / non-schismatic offshoot. 3000 BCE 3000 BCE 2800 BCE 2800 BCE 2600 BCE 2600 BCE 2400 BCE 2400 BCE 2200 BCE 2200 BCE 2000 BCE 2000 BCE 1800 BCE 1800 BCE 1600 BCE 1600 BCE 1400 BCE 1400 BCE 1200 BCE 1200 BCE 1000 BCE 1000 BCE 800 BCE 800 BCE 600 BCE 600 BCE 400 BCE 400 BCE 200 BCE 200 BCE 0 0 200 CE 200 CE 400 CE 400 CE 600 CE 600 CE 800 CE 800 CE 1000 CE 1000 CE 1200 CE 1200 CE 1400 CE 1400 CE 1600 CE 1600 CE 1800 CE 1800 CE 2000 CE 2000 CE Mesopotamian religion (Sumero-Akkadian) Zoroastrianism / Iranian religion Greek religion & philosophy Buddhism Hinduism (Vedic → Hindu) Enlightenment & modern science African traditional religions (Yoruba, Fon, Kongo) Baltic & Slavic paganism Hinge moments · rulers & scholarly-consensus text datings 622 BCE · Josiah’s reform 539 BCE · Cyrus; end of exile ~400 BCE · Torah ≈ final (Persian) ~250 BCE · Septuagint begun ~165 BCE · Daniel written ~50–110 CE · Paul & Gospels ~200 CE · Mishnah compiled 313/325 · Constantine; Nicaea 367–397 · NT canon fixed ~500–600 · Babylonian Talmud ~650 · ʿUthmānic Quran 685–705 · ʿAbd al-Malik; Dome of Rock ~700–1000 · Masoretic Text ~1450 · Gutenberg; print Bibles 1546 · Trent fixes Catholic canon West Semitic / Canaanite polytheism Ugaritic religion (El, Baal, Anat) Phoenician religion (Melqart, Astarte) Punic / Carthaginian (Baal Hammon, Tanit) Aramean religion (Hadad) Atargatis (Dea Syria) Jupiter Heliopolitanus (Baalbek) Elagabal of Emesa Palmyrene religion (Bel, Malakbel) Moabite religion (Chemosh) Ammonite religion (Milcom) Edomite religion (Qaus / Qôs) Idumeans → absorbed into Judaism (c.110 BCE) Nabataean religion (Dushara, al-ʿUzzā) Midianite/Kenite Yahwism (Shasu of Yhw; Seir, Teman, Paran) Ancient Israelite religion (polytheistic Yahwism: El, Yahweh, Baal, Asherah) ⇠ Mesopotamian myth (creation, flood) & divine-council cosmology Samaritanism Dositheans (Dustan sect) Elephantine Judaism (Yahu with Anat-Yahu et al.) Henotheistic Yahwism (Yahweh-alone movement) Second Temple Judaism ⇠ Zoroastrian dualism, angelology, bodily resurrection, final judgment (Persian period) Hellenistic Judaism (Philo) ⇠ Platonic Logos & allegory God-fearers (theosebeis; Gentile synagogue sympathizers) Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews; non-Talmudic Haymanot) Sign-prophets & messiah-claimants (1st c.) Judas of Galilee (6 CE tax revolt; Zealots) Theudas (sign-prophet, c. 45) The Egyptian (sign-prophet, c. 56) Maccabean revolt → Hasmonean Judaism (anti-Hellenistic) Sadducees Pharisees Essenes / Qumran Rabbinic Judaism (Yavneh; Tannaim & the Mishnah) Bar Kokhba revolt (Akiva’s “King Messiah”) Moses of Crete (led followers into the sea) Land-of-Israel Amoraim / Jerusalem Talmud Babylonian Amoraim → Geonim (Sura & Pumbedita) Karaite Judaism Abu ʿIsa al-Isfahani / Isawites (messianic revolt) Rabbanite Judaism (medieval Talmudic mainstream) Maimonidean rationalism & the controversy David Alroy (Kurdistan messiah, c. 1160) Solomon Molcho (converso messianist, burned 1532) Spinozan pantheism (Deus sive Natura) ⇠ Cartesian rationalism; expelled by ḥerem from the Amsterdam Sephardi community, 1656 Mizrahi / Edot ha-Mizrach rite Sephardi rite (Iberian) Ashkenazi rite (Franco-German) Yemenite / Temani rite (Baladi & Shami) Dor Daim (Yemenite Maimonidean rationalists) Romaniote (Greek-speaking Byzantine rite) Italian rite (Italkim / Bene Roma) Khazar Judaism (khaganate elite; extent debated) Kabbalah (mystical stream) ⇠ Neoplatonic emanation Sabbateanism Dönmeh Frankism Reform Judaism ⇠ Enlightenment; higher biblical criticism Orthodox Judaism Haredi Neturei Karta (anti-Zionist) Kahanism / Kach (militant nationalism) Conservative / Masorti ⇠ Wissenschaft / historical criticism Hasidism Chabad-Lubavitch Chabad messianism (Meshichist / “Rebbe is Moshiach”) Karlin-Stolin Breslov (Nachman of Breslov) Belz Sanz / Klausenburg Vizhnitz Ger / Gur Bobov Satmar (anti-Zionist) Mitnagdim / Lithuanian (Litvish) Orthodoxy Reconstructionist ⇠ Dewey pragmatism, modern science Humanistic Judaism Abayudaya (Uganda; adopted Judaism 1919) Lemba (Southern Africa; claimed Judaic descent) Igbo Jews (Nigeria; claimed lost-tribe descent) Baptist-sect milieu (John the Baptist) John the Baptist movement Mandaeism Elchasaites ⇠ Jewish Christianity (Torah-observant) fused with baptismal-sect washings; Mani was raised Elchasaite Manichaeism ⇠ Zoroastrian dualism + Buddhist elements Dinawariyya (Eastern schism) Uyghur Manichaeism (state religion 763) Chinese Manichaeism (Mingjiao) Jesus movement Christianity Jerusalem church (James & Peter; Torah-observant) Jewish Christianities (Ebionites [reject Paul], Nazarenes) Johannine tradition (Logos/incarnational high Christology) Thomas tradition (esoteric sayings; realized eschatology) Gnostic & related currents ⇠ Platonic/Middle-Platonic emanationism; Iranian dualism; Jewish apocalyptic Simonians (Simon Magus) Nicolaitans Cerinthians Basilideans (Basilides) Carpocratians Valentinians (Valentinus) Marcosians Sethian / Barbeloite Gnosticism Ophites / Naassenes Cainites Bardaisanites (Edessa, Syriac) Marcionites (dualist; related) Cerdonians (Cerdo; taught Marcion) Apellians (Apelles; reformed Marcionism) Encratites (Tatian; radical asceticism) Archontics Priscillianism (ascetic dualist, Iberia) Pauline Christianity (law-free Gentile mission) Proto-orthodox / Great Church Paulicians Bogomils Cathars Arianism (Germanic peoples) Visigothic Arianism (Hispania; Catholic at Toledo III, 589) Ostrogothic Arianism (Italy; to 553) Vandal Arianism (N. Africa; anti-Nicene persecution; to 534) Burgundian Arianism (Catholic c. 516) Suevic Arianism (Gallaecia; Catholic 561) Lombard Arianism (Italy; Catholic by c. 680) Montanism (New Prophecy; Phrygia) Pelagianism (free will; Pelagius of Britain) Novatianists (rigorist schism; a lasting church) Donatism (N. African rigorist Church) Church of the East (Nestorian / Assyrian) Ancient Church of the East (1968 Julian-calendar schism) St Thomas Christians (Nasrani, Kerala; trad. 52 CE) Church of the East among the Turco-Mongols (Keraites, Naimans, Öngüts) Syro-Malabar Catholic (East Syriac; in communion with Rome) Malankara (West Syriac; Puthenkoor) Mar Thoma (Reformed; CMS influence) Oriental Orthodoxy (Miaphysite) Coptic Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Armenian Apostolic Caucasian Albanian Church (Aghwank, 4th c.; the Udi today) Tondrakians (anticlerical Armenian) Ethiopian Tewahedo Catholic interlude (Susenyos, Jesuits) Exile Synod (Merkorios; reconciled 2018) Oromia synod (Sawiros; ethnolinguistic) Eritrean Tewahedo Malankara (India) Chalcedonian Christianity ⇠ Greek metaphysics (ousia / hypostasis), Neoplatonism Mozarabic (Hispano-Visigothic) rite Celtic / Insular Christianity (post-Roman Britain & Ireland) Celtic Pagan–Christian folk syncretism (holy wells, saints, calendar) ⇠ pagan holy wells, Brigid→St Brigid, Samhain→All Hallows absorbed into insular Christianity Ossetian folk Christianity (Uatsdin; Nart syncretism) ⇠ Byzantine/Alan Christianity fused with the Ossetian Nart epic tradition & the Uatsdin sky-spirit cult Norse–Christian dual-faith (Heliand; Yule; Þórr↔Christ) ⇠ Christ as warrior-chieftain (the Heliand); Thor’s-hammer & cross amulets worn together; Yule→Christmas; gradual 9th–12th-c. conversion Finnic & Sámi Christian syncretism (Kalevala, Ukko; noaidi) ⇠ Kalevala mythology, Ukko the thunder-god & the tietäjä; Sámi noaidi shamanism survived under a Christian veneer to the 18th c. Culdees (Céli Dé ascetics) Byzantine Iconoclasm (defeated party, 726–843) Eastern Orthodox Hesychasm / Palamism (victorious party) Autocephalous & patriarchal churches Constantinople (Ecumenical Patriarchate) Alexandria (Greek Orthodox) Antioch (Greek Orthodox) Jerusalem (Greek Orthodox) Church of Cyprus (autoceph. 431) Georgian Orthodox Georgian highland folk Christianity (khati shrines; Khevsureti, Svaneti) ⇠ Georgian Orthodoxy over a pre-Christian Caucasian substrate — mountain khati shrines, sacred groves & the khevisberi shrine-priest Serbian Orthodox Bulgarian Orthodox Russian Orthodox Church Subbotniks (Russian Sabbatarian Judaizers) Catacomb Church / True Orthodox (refused 1927 Declaration) ROCOR (émigré; schism 1927, reconciled 2007) Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox (émigré; unrecognized) Tolstoyan Christianity (anarcho-pacifism) Non-possessors (Nil Sorsky, Trans-Volga Elders) Possessors / Josephites (Joseph of Volotsk) Church of Greece Romanian Orthodox Polish Orthodox Albanian Orthodox Czech & Slovak Orthodox Orthodox Church in America (contested) Ukrainian Orthodox – OCU (2019, contested) Macedonian Orthodox (recognized 2022) Old Believers Popovtsy (priestly) Bespopovtsy (priestless) Old Calendarists Roman Catholic Church ⇠ Aristotelian scholasticism (12th–13th c.) › Antipopes (rival claimants to the papacy) Imperial antipopes (v. Gregory VII & Alexander III, 1084–1180) Western Schism: Avignon & Pisan obediences (1378–1417) Felix V (Basel conciliarists; last antipope, 1439–49) Legio Maria (African Catholic-derived) Eastern Catholic Churches (in communion with Rome) Maronite Church (perpetual union) Chaldean Catholic (from Church of the East) Ukrainian Greek Catholic (Union of Brest 1596) Ruthenian (Union of Uzhhorod 1646) Romanian Greek Catholic Melkite Greek Catholic (from Antioch) Coptic Catholic Armenian Catholic Syriac Catholic Ethiopian Catholic Syro-Malankara (from Malankara) Jansenists (Port-Royal) Old Catholic Church (rejected Vatican I, 1870) Independent sacramental movement (episcopi vagantes) American World Patriarchs Society of St. Pius X (rejects Vatican II) Sedevacantists Conclavist antipopes (‘Pope Michael’, 1990) Palmarian Catholic Church (own antipope) Liberation Theology (Catholic + Marxism) Catholic Worker (Christian anarcho-pacifism) Waldensians Petrobrusians (Peter of Bruys) Henricians (Henry of Lausanne) Arnoldists (Arnold of Brescia) Amalricians (Amalric of Bena) Apostolic Brethren / Dulcinians (Segarelli, Dolcino) Brethren of the Free Spirit Adamites / Neo-Adamites (Picards) Lollards Hussites Utraquists Taborites Moravian Church Protestant Reformation Liberal Protestantism / theological Modernism (Schleiermacher → Social Gospel) Protestant Fundamentalism (biblical inerrancy) Lutheranism Church of Sweden Church of Denmark / Norway German territorial churches (Prussian Union / EKD) Positive Christianity (Nazi ‘German Christians’) Confessing Church (Barmen 1934, anti-Nazi) Pietism (Spener, Halle) Haugean revival (Norway) Laestadianism Harmony Society / Rappites (celibate utopian) Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) Wisconsin Synod (WELS) Evangelical Lutheran Synod (ELS) ELCA (mainline; 1988 merger) Reformed / Calvinist Pilgrims / New England Puritanism Conservative Congregational (CCCC / NACCC) Swiss Reformed (Zwingli, Zurich) Hungarian Reformed Presbyterianism Lumpa Church (Lenshina; millenarian) Church of Scotland Free Church of Scotland (1843 Disruption) Associate Reformed Presbyterian (ARP) Cumberland Presbyterian Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC) Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) Presbyterian Church (USA) — mainline Christian Reconstructionism / Dominionism (Rushdoony) Juche / Kimilsungism (N. Korea state cult) Korean folk Christianity (musok / shamanic blend) ⇠ fervent dawn/mountain prayer, healing & blessing forms echoing musok (Korean shamanism) beneath a Presbyterian/Catholic surface Unification Church (Sun Myung Moon) Continental / Dutch Reformed Reformed Church in America (RCA) Christian Reformed Church (CRC) Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk (national) Afscheiding (Secession of 1834) Doleantie (Kuyper, 1886) Gereformeerde Kerken (GKN, 1892 union) Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken (CGK) Gereformeerde Gemeenten (GG) Gereformeerde Kerken vrijgemaakt (Liberation, 1944) Nederlands Gereformeerde Kerken (1967) Protestant Church in the Netherlands (2004 merger) Hersteld Hervormde Kerk (2004) Protestant Reformed Churches (Hoeksema, 1924) United Reformed Churches (URCNA, 1996) Canadian & American Reformed Huguenots (French Reformed) Camisards / French Prophets (apocalyptic) Christian anarchism (Ellul, Reformed) Congregationalist (from English Separatism) United Church of Christ Oneida Community (Perfectionist utopia) Anglican / Church of England Aladura churches (Yoruba prophetic) Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim & Seraphim (Orimolade & Akinsowon) Celestial Church of Christ (Oschoffa) Church of the Lord (Aladura) (Ositelu) Episcopal Church (USA) Anglican Church in North America (ACNA) Continuing Anglican movement Puritanism (Reformed wing of the C of E) Fifth Monarchists (millenarian) Diggers / True Levellers (Winstanley) English Separatists / Pilgrims Methodism (John Wesley) Ethiopianism (secessionist African churches) Harrist Church (prophet W. W. Harris) Methodist Episcopal Church (US) African Methodist Episcopal (AME) AME Zion Methodist Protestant Church Methodist Episcopal Church, South Christian Methodist Episcopal (CME) Wesleyan Methodist → Wesleyan Church Free Methodist Church The Methodist Church (1939 reunion) United Methodist Church Global Methodist Church British Methodism (Primitive, New Connexion…) Methodist Church of Great Britain Holiness movement Church of the Nazarene Salvation Army Pentecostalism (Azusa Street) Zionist & Apostolic churches (ZCC; Shembe amaNazaretha) Church of God in Christ (COGIC) Assemblies of God Church of God (Cleveland) Foursquare Church Oneness / UPCI Charismatic movement Jesus Movement (1960s–70s counterculture) Calvary Chapel (Chuck Smith) Vineyard (John Wimber) Apostolic Faith (Seymour / Portland) Pentecostal Holiness Church Elim Pentecostal (UK) The Pentecostal Mission (Ceylon Pentecostal) Indian Pentecostal Church of God Church of God of Prophecy Redeemed Christian Church of God (Nigeria) Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (Brazil) New Apostolic Reformation International House of Prayer (Bickle) Anabaptists / Radical Reformation Mennonites Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (Holdeman) General Conference Mennonite Mennonite Brethren Old Order Mennonite Old Colony Mennonite Mennonite Church USA (2002 merger) Hutterites Amish Old Order Amish Beachy Amish Schwarzenau Brethren Melchiorites (apocalyptic Anabaptists, Hoffman) Münster Anabaptist Kingdom (theocracy) Baptists Kimbanguism (EJCSK; Simon Kimbangu) General Baptists (Arminian) Particular Baptists (Calvinist) Free Will Baptists Primitive Baptists (“Hardshell”) Landmark Baptists Southern Baptist Convention Cooperative Baptist Fellowship American evangelicalism (neo-evangelical; Billy Graham, NAE) ⇠ a convergent, INTERDENOMINATIONAL movement (Baptist, Methodist-Holiness, Presbyterian & Pentecostal streams) — here simplified onto its largest single body, the SBC; its postwar hubs are Billy Graham, the NAE (1942) & Christianity Today (1956) Religious Right / Christian Right (Moral Majority; Christian Coalition) New Calvinism (‘Young, Restless, Reformed’; The Gospel Coalition) Emerging / Emergent Church (McLaren, Bell) Post-evangelical / ‘exvangelical’ deconstruction American Baptist Churches USA (Northern) National Baptist Convention, USA National Baptist Convention of America Progressive National Baptist Conv. Independent Fundamental Baptists Quakers (Society of Friends) Plymouth Brethren (Darby, Groves) Open Brethren (‘Christians gathered to the Name’) Exclusive Brethren (Darbyite) Churches of God / ‘Needed Truth’ Plymouth Brethren Christian Church (Raven–Taylor–Hales) Kerala / Indian Brethren assemblies Assemblies (Bakht Singh; ‘Jehovah Shammah’) Socinianism / Polish Brethren (Sozzini; Racovian Catechism) Unitarianism (antitrinitarian) ⇠ Enlightenment rationalism / Deism Transylvanian Unitarian Church (Dávid Ferenc) English Unitarians (Biddle; Lindsey, 1774) American Unitarian Association (Channing) Universalism (universal salvation; Murray, Ballou) Christadelphians (Biblical Unitarian; J. Thomas) Unitarian Universalism (1961 merger) Deism / natural religion (Herbert, Toland, Tindal) ⇠ Enlightenment rationalism; Socinian antitrinitarianism; natural philosophy Jeffersonian / American Deism (Jefferson, Paine) Cult of Reason (French Rev.) Cult of the Supreme Being (Robespierre) Christian atheism / Death of God (Altizer, Hamilton) ⇠ Hegel; Nietzsche’s ‘death of God’; Bonhoeffer’s religionless Christianity Christian non-realism (Cupitt, Sea of Faith) Greco-Roman philosophy (Platonism, Stoicism, Neoplatonism) Hermeticism & Neoplatonic theurgy ⇠ Greco-Roman Platonism/Stoicism + Egyptian religion; parallel (not parent) to Gnosticism; transmitted medievally via Islam, Byzantium & Kabbalah Renaissance Hermeticism & Christian Kabbalah (Ficino, Pico) ⇠ recovered Corpus Hermeticum; Jewish Kabbalah; Neoplatonism Rosicrucianism & Christian theosophy (Böhme) 19th-c occult revival (Lévi, Spiritualism) Theosophy (Blavatsky) ⇠ Swedenborgian mysticism, Sufism, Kabbalah, Hindu/Buddhist thought Anthroposophy (Steiner) New Age movement Neo-Gnostic revival (Ecclesia Gnostica…) Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Thelema (Crowley) Left-Hand Path / modern Satanism Church of Satan (LaVeyan, atheistic) Temple of Set (theistic Setianism) Order of Nine Angles The Satanic Temple (activist) Swedenborgian New Church Restorationist, Adventist & new movements Stone–Campbell Restoration Churches of Christ Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) Independent Christian Churches / Churches of Christ Disciples of Christ Millerite movement Seventh-day Adventist Advent Christian Church Bible Students Jehovah’s Witnesses Branch Davidians Latter Day Saint movement LDS Church (Utah) Community of Christ (RLDS) FLDS Strangite (James Strang) Cutlerite (Church of Jesus Christ) Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) Church of Christ (Temple Lot / Hedrickite) Apostolic United Brethren (AUB) Latter Day Church of Christ (Kingston) Christian Science ⇠ Mesmerism & New Thought; Vedantic ideas (via Transcendentalism) Shakers (nearly extinct) Afro-Atlantic / Creole religions (Catholic × African) ⇠ convergence: colonial Roman Catholicism × West African religions (Yoruba Orisha, Fon Vodun, Kongo); Vodou fed the 1791 Haitian Revolution Haitian Vodou Santería / Lucumí (Cuba) Candomblé (Brazil) Umbanda (Brazil; + Kardecist Spiritism) Palo / Kongo (Cuba) Louisiana Voodoo Trinidad Orisha (Shango) Jamaican Revivalism (Zion Revival, Pukkumina) Kumina (Jamaican Kongo tradition) Amerindian–Catholic syncretism (New World) ⇠ Catholic saints & Marian devotion fused with Nahua, Maya & Andean deity-cults Guadalupan / Marian-Nahua devotion (Tonantzin) ⇠ Our Lady of Guadalupe at Tepeyac — site of the mother-goddess Tonantzin Mexican folk Catholicism (Santa Muerte; curanderismo) Maya folk Catholicism (Tzotzil; San Juan Chamula) Andean Catholicism (Pachamama, apus, Marian) Native American Church (Peyotism; pan-tribal) ⇠ Christianity fused with Plains-tribal ritual & the peyote sacrament; spread pan-tribally from the 1880s, incorporated as the Native American Church (1918) Filipino folk Catholicism (anito × Catholic; Santo Niño) ⇠ Spanish Catholicism × anito ancestor/spirit veneration Baltic Pagan–Christian dual-faith (dvējticība) ⇠ Baltic/Slavic paganism × Christianity; a dual-faith (dvējticība) that persisted into the early modern period Cao Đài (Vietnamese syncretism) ⇠ Catholicism + Kardecist Spiritism + Buddhism/Taoism/Confucianism (only partly Abrahamic) Global / independent & Christian-derived movements Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (Hong Xiuquan) Black Hebrew Israelites Messianic Judaism (Yeshua as Messiah; Jewish praxis) Children of God / The Family Peoples Temple (Jonestown) Heaven’s Gate (UFO-apocalyptic) African Initiated Churches (Kimbanguism, Aladura, ZCC) Yiguandao (I-Kuan Tao; ‘unity of five teachings’) ⇠ ‘unity of the five teachings’ — a Confucian/Daoist/Buddhist core with token Christian & Islamic inclusion Spiritualism (Fox sisters; séance movement) Kardecist Spiritism (Allan Kardec; reincarnationist) Church of Almighty God / Eastern Lightning (China) Santo Daime (ayahuasca; Serra, Brazil) ⇠ Catholic folk piety × Afro-Brazilian spiritism × Amazonian ayahuasca shamanism União do Vegetal (UDV) Doukhobors (Spirit-Wrestlers; Russia/Canada) Molokans (Spiritual Christians) Two-by-Twos / Cooneyites (nameless) Holy Spirit Movement (Lakwena, Uganda) Lord’s Resistance Army (Kony) Iglesia ni Cristo Rastafari ⇠ Ethiopian Orthodoxy, the Bible & Garveyism; deifies Haile Selassie I Nyahbinghi (Theocracy Order) Bobo Ashanti Twelve Tribes of Israel Father Divine’s Peace Mission (claimed divinity) Nondenominational evangelicalism ⇠ converges Stone–Campbell independency, Baptist theology, Methodist revivalism, the Jesus Movement & charismatic renewal Willow Creek (Hybels; seeker model) Saddleback (Rick Warren; SBC) North Point (Andy Stanley) Church of the Highlands (Hodges; ARC network) Lakewood (Osteen; prosperity) ⇠ Word of Faith / prosperity teaching (Hagin, Copeland) British Israelism Christian Identity (racial-nationalist) Worldwide Church of God (Armstrong) Philadelphia Church of God (Flurry) United Church of God (1995 splinter) Grace Communion Intl (renounced Armstrongism) Aryan Nations / Church of Jesus Christ Christian Catholic religious orders Benedictines (OSB; pre-schism monasticism) Cluniac reform Camaldolese Cistercians Trappists (OCSO) Carthusians Augustinian Canons Premonstratensians (Norbertines) Augustinian Friars (OSA) Franciscans (OFM) Poor Clares Capuchins Dominicans (Order of Preachers) Carmelites (OCarm) Discalced Carmelites (OCD) Servites Theatines Jesuits (Society of Jesus) Oratorians Vincentians (Lazarists) Passionists Redemptorists Salesians (Don Bosco) Knights Hospitaller (Order of Malta) Knights Templar Teutonic Knights South Arabian polytheism (Almaqah, ʿAthtar; Sabaʾ & Ḥimyar) North Arabian polytheism (Allāt, al-ʿUzzā, Manāt, Hubal; Allāh = al-ilāh) Arabian ḥanīf monotheism (pre-Islamic monotheists) Believers’ movement (muʾminūn) → Islam ⇠ historical-critical view: convergence of Syriac-Christian, Rabbinic-Jewish, Jewish-Christian & Manichaean currents + Arabian ḥanīf monotheism; reified as a distinct religion under ʿAbd al-Malik (r. 685–705) Sunni Islam Almohads (Ibn Tumart, self-declared Mahdi) Mahdavia (Mahdi of Jaunpur) Zikri / Mahdawi (Balochistan; Mahdi held to have already come) › Schools of law (madhhab) Hanafi Chinese Islam (Hui, Salar, Dongxiang) Gedimu (traditional Hanafi mosque Islam) Sufi menhuan (Khufiyya, Jahriyya, Qadiriyya) Yihewani (Ikhwan scripturalist reform) Xidaotang (Hall of the Western Dao) Maliki Shafiʿi Hanbali Zahiri › Schools of creed (ʿaqīda / kalam) Muʿtazila (rationalist) Ashʿari Maturidi Athari / traditionalist › Sufi orders (tariqas) ⇠ Neoplatonism; Indian ascetic parallels (contested) Qadiriyya Sokoto Caliphate (Usman dan Fodio; Qadiri jihad + Mahdist expectation) Suhrawardiyya Chishtiyya Shadhiliyya Mevlevi Naqshbandiyya Tijaniyya Toucouleur Empire (El Hadj Umar Tall; Tijani jihad) Rifaʿiyya Kubrawiyya Badawiyya (Egypt) Bektashi (linked to Alevism) Niʿmatullahi (Shia Sufi) Khalwatiyya Sanusiyya (Libya) Muridiyya (Senegal) Kejawèn / Kebatinan (Javanese mysticism) ⇠ Islam × Hindu-Buddhist × Javanese animism (the abangan stream) Yasawiyya (Ahmad Yasawi; Turkic steppe Sufism) Folk / dargah Sufism (South Asian shrine Islam) ⇠ pir & shrine veneration blended with local (often Hindu) practice; defended institutionally by the Barelvi Yazidism (from the Adawiyya Sufi order → distinct religion; Melek Taus) ⇠ Adawiyya Sufism fused with pre-Islamic West Iranian religion (angel-heptad, dualism) Yarsanism / Ahl-e Ḥaqq (Sultan Sahak → distinct religion) ⇠ ghulat/Sufi Islam fused with Iranian dualism & metempsychosis (the Haft) Shabakism (Buyruk; N. Iraq ghulat syncretism) ⇠ Qizilbash-Bektashi ghulat Shiism fused with Yazidi & Christian elements (Shabaki-speaking, N. Iraq) Hurufism (letter-mysticism; Fazlallah Astarabadi) ⇠ Iranian letter-mysticism (ḥurūf) that went on to shape Bektashi & Alevi esotericism Kunta-Haji Zikrism (Chechen loud-dhikr Sufism) Caucasian Muridism (N. Caucasus Naqshbandi jihad; Shamil) Safaviyya order (Safi al-Din) → militant Qizilbash Qizilbash (Turkmen ghulat; Safavid shock troops) Noqtavi (Maḥmūd Pasikhānī; Hurufi offshoot) › Revival & reform (18th–20th c.) Wahhabism Salafism Salafi-jihadism (Qutbism → al-Qaeda, ISIS) Grand Mosque seizure (Juhayman; al-Qahtani declared Mahdi, 1979) Ahl-i Hadith Deobandi Tablighi Jamaat Barelvi Modernist Salafiyya (Abduh, Rida) ⇠ modern European science & political thought Liberal / Progressive Islam (Fazlur Rahman, Soroush, Wadud) Quranism / Ahl al-Qurʾan (hadith-rejecting) Mahdism / Ansar (Sudanese Mahdiyya, 1881) Muslim Brotherhood Jamaat-e-Islami Shia Islam Zaydi (Fivers) Ismaili (Seveners) Qarmatians Fatimids Nizari of Alamut Nizari Qasim-Shahi (Aga Khan line) Muhammad-Shahi (Mu’mini) Khoja / Satpanth (South Asia) Pamiri Ismailis (Badakhshan mountains; Nasir Khusraw) Mustaʿli Hafizi (Fatimid line) Tayyibi (→ Bohras) Dawoodi Bohra Sulaymani Bohra Alavi Bohra Druze (now a distinct religion) Darazi faction (deemed heretical) Twelver (Ithna ʿAshari) Akhbari (traditionist school) Usuli (rationalist school, now dominant) Velāyat-e Faqīh / Khomeinism (Iran) Shaykhism (al-Ahsaʿi) Alawites (Nusayris) Alevism Soldiers of Heaven (Jund al-Samaʾ; Mahdist uprising, Najaf 2007) Ahmad al-Hasan / Ahmadi Religion of Peace & Light (the Yamani) Kharijites Ibadi Islam (Oman) Ahmadiyya Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Qadiani) Lahore Ahmadiyya (Lahori) Nation of Islam W. D. Mohammed → Sunni reform (1975) Farrakhan’s revived NOI (1978) Nuwaubian Nation (Dwight York; Ansaaru Allah → Nuwaubian) Babism Baháʼí Faith ⇠ universalist synthesis (Zoroaster, Buddha, Krishna as past ‘Manifestations’) Orthodox Baháʼí Faith (Remey) BUPC (Jensen) Azali Babism Fading tails (West Semitic polytheism, early Christianity, the Great Church, undivided Chalcedonian Christianity, the early Islamic “Believers” movement) mark ANCESTRAL STEMS: they did not survive as themselves but diversified into their branches — so they fade at the point of differentiation rather than running to the present. Sunni Islam is not a single line of descent: madhhab (law), ʿaqīda (creed) and tariqa (Sufi order) are independent axes — a Sunni is typically one from each, plus perhaps a modern movement. Islam (historical-critical view): drawn as a convergence, not a single-descent branch. Green arrows mark inflows from Syriac Christianity, Rabbinic Judaism, the Jewish-Christian / Manichaean prophetic stream & Arabian ḥanīf monotheism; it reified as a bounded religion under ʿAbd al-Malik. Hinge moments mix rulers with scholarly-consensus datings of when texts reached form/canon; several (Torah ≈400 BCE, Gospels, Quran recension) are debated in range, not settled to a year. Contested membership: Mandaeism rejects Abraham; Manichaeism and Baháʼí sit on the family’s edge. Yazidism & Yarsanism are omitted as non-Abrahamic Iranian traditions. The Western esoteric tradition descends from Greco-Roman philosophy (a second root), NOT from Christian Gnosticism. Violet arrows mark Abrahamic mystical inflows that shaped it at each era: Gnostic currents → Hermeticism; Jewish Kabbalah → Renaissance (Christian) Hermeticism; Sufism → Theosophy. Its medieval continuity (the Frances Yates thesis) is debated — the Renaissance partly re-invented it from recovered texts. Yahwism (Smith & Smith reconstruction): the Israelite trunk is itself POLYTHEISTIC — Yahweh, a southern warrior-god, converges with the Canaanite high god El (whom the name Isra-EL carries) while Asherah lingers as consort. A henotheistic “Yahweh-alone” reform branches off, and from IT descend the two monotheistic Torah religions as sisters: Second Temple (Jerusalem) Judaism and Gerizim-centred Samaritanism. Only in the Babylonian exile does Deutero-Isaiah reach outright monotheism. Elephantine Judaism (Yahu paired with Anat-Yahu) instead preserves the older, unreformed polytheistic form and so hangs off the polytheistic trunk. A tree/timeline suppresses much horizontal borrowing, syncretism and reunion (e.g. Waldensians joining the Reformed; the 1939 Methodist reunion). Arianism is broken out into the Germanic successor kingdoms of late antiquity, which ruled Nicene populations as an Arian warrior elite: the Visigoths (Hispania, Catholic at Toledo III in 589), Ostrogoths (Italy, ended by the Byzantine reconquest 553), the militantly anti-Nicene Vandals (North Africa, to 534), Burgundians (to 516), Suevi (Gallaecia, 561) and the Lombards (the last to convert, c. 680). Their faith was the ‘Homoian’ creed spread by Ulfilas’s Gothic Bible, not the original Alexandrian Arianism. Antitrinitarian lineage clarified: Socinianism (the Polish Brethren / Minor Reformed Church, drawing on Servetus and the Sozzinis, expelled from Poland 1658) is now shown as the parent stem of Unitarianism, which fans into the Transylvanian Church (Dávid Ferenc, the oldest continuous Unitarian body), the English and American Unitarians, the Biblical-Unitarian Christadelphians, and — already on the chart — Deism. Unitarian Universalism is the 1961 merger of the American Unitarians with the (separately-rooted) Universalists. Caveat: Transylvanian Unitarianism and Polish Socinianism actually developed in parallel with mutual influence; the clean parent-child line simplifies a braided antitrinitarian movement. More small/distinctive communities: the Mozarabic (Hispano-Visigothic) rite, the Latin liturgy that survived under Muslim Iberia and is still celebrated in Toledo; and the Subbotniks, Russian Sabbatarian Judaizers of whom some branches converted fully to Judaism. Montanism and Pelagianism are now separated: Montanism was a 2nd-c. Phrygian ecstatic-prophetic movement (the ‘New Prophecy’, which Tertullian joined); Pelagianism was a 5th-c. controversy over free will and grace (Pelagius, of British origin, against Augustine), condemned at Ephesus (431) and — in its semi-Pelagian form — at Orange (529). Different centuries, different theologies. Small but distinctive communities added across all three faiths: in JUDAISM the Yemenite/Temani rite (whose Baladi form preserves Maimonides’ usage) with the Dor Daim rationalists, plus the Romaniote (Byzantine Greek) and Italian (Italki) rites; in CHRISTIANITY Celtic/Insular Christianity of post-Roman Britain and Ireland (with the Culdees) and the St Thomas Christians of Kerala (Syro-Malabar, Malankara, Mar Thoma); in ISLAM the Chinese Muslim traditions of the Hui — traditional Gedimu, the Sufi menhuan (Khufiyya, Jahriyya, Qadiriyya), the reformist Yihewani, and the distinctive Xidaotang (Ibadi Islam in Oman was already shown). Medieval Western dissenters/heresies added off Roman Catholicism: the anticlerical apostolic-poverty preachers Petrobrusians, Henricians and Arnoldists (12th c.); the pantheist-tinged Amalricians (c. 1210); the antinomian Brethren of the Free Spirit (13th–15th c.) with the Adamites/Neo-Adamites (Picards) as a radical wing; and the millenarian Apostolic Brethren / Dulcinians. The Tondrakians (9th–11th-c. Armenia) are placed under the Armenian Church with debated Paulician affinities. Several of these are known mainly through their prosecutors, so their beliefs (especially the Adamites’) are drawn dashed. Catholic religious orders are sub-traditions WITHIN the Church (charisms/rules), not schisms; the post-1054 orders branch from Rome, while the Benedictine family roots in the shared pre-schism church (which is why Eastern Orthodoxy shares that monastic heritage). Nesting shows reforms-of-reforms (Benedictines → Cistercians → Trappists). Several Eastern Catholic churches split from an Eastern parent into union with Rome (Chaldean ← Church of the East; Melkite ← Antioch; Syro-Malankara ← Malankara); the Maronite Church claims never to have broken communion. Baltic and Celtic material recast around SYNCRETISM rather than revival: the modern Baltic neo-Pagan revival (Romuva) is out of scope for this Abrahamic chart, and the Baltic node now marks the enduring Pagan–Christian DUAL-FAITH that persisted in Lithuania and Latvia into the early modern period. A parallel Celtic Pagan–Christian folk syncretism (holy wells, Brigid→St Brigid, Samhain→All Hallows) branches off Insular Christianity. New World Amerindian–Catholic syncretisms are mapped as a family parallel to the Afro-Atlantic creole religions: Guadalupan/Marian-Nahua devotion (Our Lady of Guadalupe at Tepeyac, the shrine of Tonantzin), broader Mexican folk Catholicism (Santa Muerte, curanderismo), Maya folk Catholicism (the Tzotzil rites of San Juan Chamula), and Andean Catholicism (Pachamama and the mountain apus fused with Marian and saint devotion). These are living folk systems, not formal denominations. More folk syncretisms: Filipino folk Catholicism (Spanish Catholicism fused with anito ancestor-spirit veneration), Javanese Kejawèn/Kebatinan (Islam over a Hindu-Buddhist-animist substrate — the abangan stream), and South Asian dargah/shrine Sufism (pir and saint veneration blended with local practice, defended institutionally by the Barelvi). Kardecist Spiritism (Allan Kardec, 1857) is added as the reincarnationist Christian-Spiritualist current that feeds Umbanda. CENTRAL ASIAN / TURKO-MONGOL adoptions are a mixed case. Christianity and Judaism produced genuinely distinctive (now largely extinct) traditions: the Church of the East spread among the Keraites, Naimans and Öngüts — several Mongol royals were Nestorian Christians — before vanishing after the Mongol turn to Islam and Buddhism and Timur’s campaigns; and the Khazar khaganate’s elite adopted Judaism in the 8th–9th c. (drawn dashed, since its depth and legacy are debated). Islam, by contrast, was mostly ordinary conversion with no distinctive charted tradition — its distinctive vehicles were Sufi: the Turkic Yasawiyya (added here) and the already-charted Bektashi and Alevism, which carry heavy Turkic-shamanic retentions. Tengrism itself, the steppe sky-god religion, is not Abrahamic and is not charted. Pre-Islamic Arabian religion is now ROOTED IN THE WEST SEMITIC BASE rather than floating as an influence source. North Arabian polytheism (Allāt, al-ʿUzzā, Manāt, Hubal, with the high god Allāh = al-ilāh, cognate with Canaanite El) and South Arabian polytheism (Almaqah, ʿAthtar) branch from the same West Semitic stem as the Canaanite, Aramean, Nabataean and Israelite religions; the ḥanīf monotheism (the Qurʾān’s ḥunafāʾ) grows out of it. Islam is now drawn descending PRIMARILY from that native Arabian matrix (solid line from ḥanīf), with the convergence arrows from Rabbinic Judaism, Syriac Christianity and the Jewish-Christian/Manichaean stream marking its Abrahamic borrowings — a better fit than the earlier nominal descent from ancient Israelite religion. The God-fearers (theosebeis / phoboumenoi) — Gentiles who attended the diaspora synagogue and kept its monotheism, ethics and often the Sabbath without undergoing full conversion/circumcision — are added as an offshoot of Hellenistic Judaism. Attested in Acts (Cornelius, Lydia), Josephus and inscriptions (Aphrodisias lists them separately from Jews and proselytes), they were the principal recruiting ground for Paul’s law-free Gentile mission (blue arrow into Pauline Christianity), which is much of why that mission succeeded. The category faded in late antiquity as Christianity absorbed it and rabbinic Judaism sharpened its conversion boundaries. A Samaritan strand is linked to the Jordan-valley baptist milieu: the Dositheans (a Samaritan baptizing sect) and the Samaritan Simon Magus are tied to John the Baptist’s circle in the Pseudo-Clementine tradition, so a teal arrow runs from the Dositheans into the baptist milieu — which now draws on Essene, Samaritan and other heterodox baptizing currents alike. The JOHANNINE and THOMASINE ‘communities’ are added dashed, to reflect a genuine and shifting scholarly debate. That a distinctive Johannine tradition or ‘school’ existed (the shared idiom of John’s Gospel and Epistles; the schism of 1 John 2:19) is widely accepted; the detailed, reconstructable community history of Martyn and Raymond Brown (phased development, expulsion from the synagogue via the Birkat ha-Minim) is now widely doubted, especially after Bauckham’s argument that the Gospels were written for general circulation rather than single communities. The Johannine tradition was in fact pulled BOTH ways — embraced by the proto-orthodox (John entered the canon) and by the Valentinians (Heracleon wrote the first known commentary on it), which is exactly the split Brown reconstructed. The Thomasine case is more speculative still: the Gospel of Thomas is an important early sayings collection, but whether it reflects a bounded ‘community’ (vs. a text that circulated) is contested; its trajectory drifts toward the Syriac/Edessan encratite-Gnostic orbit. Net: distinctive traditions, yes; tidy bounded communities with reconstructable histories, treat with caution. The gospel traditions are therefore drawn as THEOLOGICAL trajectories rather than sociological communities — which keeps what is solid (the texts really do diverge) and drops what is speculative (reconstructing a congregation behind each). Mark carries the lowest Christology and no birth or resurrection-appearance narrative; Matthew and Luke add infancy and nativity material; John jumps to a pre-existent Logos incarnate; and Thomas offers 114 esoteric sayings with realized eschatology and self-knowledge but no passion or resurrection at all. Those doctrinal divisions among the authors are real and well-evidenced, whatever the social reality behind them. YAHWEH’S ORIGIN — the Kenite/Midianite hypothesis, shown as a dashed southern-desert branch feeding Israelite religion. FOR: the oldest Hebrew poetry has Yahweh MARCH FROM THE SOUTH — ‘Yahweh came from Sinai, dawned from Seir… Mount Paran’ (Deut 33:2), ‘from Seir… the region of Edom’ (Judg 5:4), ‘from Teman… Mount Paran’ (Hab 3:3); Moses meets Yahweh in Midian and his Midianite/Kenite father-in-law Jethro officiates a Yahweh sacrifice (Exod 18); Egyptian topographical lists (Soleb, ~1400 BCE) name desert nomads ‘the Shasu of Yhw’, possibly the earliest trace of the name; and Yahweh is absent from the Late-Bronze Canaanite (Ugaritic) pantheon, as expected of an incoming outsider deity later fused with the high god El. AGAINST / caveats: the Egyptian ‘Yhw’ may be a place-name, not a god; the southern-march poems are themselves later and may be theological geography; and a strictly EDOMITE origin is awkward, since Edom’s own national god was Qôs, not Yahweh — so ‘Edom/Seir/Teman’ names the region, not Edomite state religion. Mainstream synthesis (Mark Smith; Thomas Römer): Yahweh entered from the Midianite/Seirite south, merged with Canaanite El in the highlands (hence Israel = ‘El’, and El’s titles pass to Yahweh), and only later became Israel’s sole god — which is why it is drawn as a reconstructive inflow, not a clean vertical branch. Yazidism and Yarsanism (Ahl-e Ḥaqq) are included here as Kurdish syncretic religions of Islamic ORIGIN that became distinct faiths — the same treatment given Druze. Yazidism grew from the Adawiyya Sufi order of Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir (12th c.) before fusing with pre-Islamic West Iranian religion; Yarsanism (Sultan Sahak, ~15th c.) emerged from a ghulat-Shia/Sufi milieu over a strongly Iranian theological substrate. Both are drawn under Sufism for consistency with the already-charted Bektashi and Alevism, but their theological core is heavily Iranian. Their classification is genuinely contested; Yarsanism’s Islamic link is the weaker of the two. The Zagros/Kurdish highlands and the Caucasus are unusually sect-dense (as their linguistic fragmentation suggests). Added: Shabakism (a Shabaki-speaking N. Iraqi ghulat religion blending Qizilbash-Bektashi Shiism with Yazidi and Christian elements); Hurufism (Fazlallah Astarabadi’s executed letter-mysticism, which fed Bektashi and Alevi esotericism); and two distinctive North-Caucasian Sufi movements — Kunta-Haji’s Qadiri ‘loud-dhikr’ zikrism among the Chechens, and the Naqshbandi-based Caucasian Muridism of Sheikh Mansur and Imam Shamil that fought the Russian conquest. The already-charted Alevism, Bektashi, Alawites, Druze, Yazidism and Yarsanism round out the same heterodox belt. The Safavid lineage is now explicit: the Safaviyya Sufi order (Safi al-Din, 1301) turned militant and Twelver-Shiʿi, spawning the Qizilbash — the Turkmen ghulat shock-troops who founded the Safavid Empire and whose Anatolian remnant became the Alevis (arrow). Noqtavism is a Hurufi offshoot; the Pamiri Ismailis of Badakhshan (from Nasir Khusraw’s 11th-c. mission) are the mountain Nizari community. On the Christian side, two regional bodies are added: the Caucasian Albanian Church (Aghwank), an ancient autocephalous church absorbed by Armenia and abolished by Russia in 1836, surviving only through the Udi (a Northeast-Caucasian people — hence dashed); and Ossetian folk Christianity (the Uatsdin/Nart syncretism of the Iranian-speaking Ossetians). Georgian Orthodoxy was already charted. Georgian traditions beyond the main church: its highland folk Christianity (the khati shrine-cult of Khevsureti, Svaneti and Pshavi, with sacred groves and the khevisberi shrine-priest) preserves a pre-Christian Caucasian substrate under an Orthodox surface. (Georgian monasticism, founded by the Thirteen Assyrian Fathers in the 6th c. and centered on David Gareja, and the church’s 607 shift from the anti-Chalcedonian Armenian orbit to Chalcedon, are part of the same national tradition.) Peyotism / the Native American Church is added to the Amerindian syncretism family: a pan-tribal North American religion fusing Christianity with Plains ritual and the sacramental use of peyote, incorporated in 1918. Northern European CHRISTIAN–PAGAN DUAL-FAITH of late antiquity & the early Middle Ages is mapped alongside the Baltic and Celtic cases: the Norse/Germanic blend (Christ as a warrior-lord in the Heliand, Thor’s-hammer-and-cross amulets, Yule folded into Christmas) and the Finnic & Sámi blend (the Kalevala’s mythology and the thunder-god Ukko; Sámi noaidi shamanism persisting under a Lutheran surface into the 18th c.). For consistency the Estonian (Maausk/Taaraism) and Latvian (Dievturība) neo-Pagan REVIVALS are out of scope for this Abrahamic chart, like Romuva. Further living syncretisms: Korean folk Christianity (Protestant/Catholic forms carrying musok shamanic patterns — dawn and mountain prayer, healing, blessing) and its Christian-derived new religion, the Unification Church; Jamaican Revivalism (Zion Revival and Pukkumina) and Kumina among the Afro-Atlantic creole family; and China’s Yiguandao, whose ‘five teachings’ give Christianity and Islam a token place within a Confucian-Daoist-Buddhist core (only marginally Abrahamic, like Cao Đài). The Church of the East split over the calendar in 1964–68: when Patriarch Shimun XXIII adopted the Gregorian calendar and other reforms, traditionalists formed the Ancient Church of the East (1968) on the old Julian reckoning. The two Assyrian churches have pursued reunification since the 2010s. ANTIPOPES were rival claimants to the See of Rome, not — with rare exceptions — founders of separate churches, which is why they are drawn as short ended branches rather than lasting lineages. Early cases were contested elections or imperial interference; the first, Hippolytus (217), was reconciled and is venerated as a saint. The imperial antipopes of the Investiture Controversy were set up by Holy Roman Emperors against reforming popes. The great rupture was the Western Schism (1378–1417) — rival lines at Rome, Avignon and (after 1409) Pisa — healed at the Council of Constance (1417); the conciliarist Felix V (1439–49) was the last. Almost every line reconciled or simply lapsed when its schism was resolved. The durable exceptions are the early Novatianist Church (a real rigorist schism, extinct by the 7th c.) and modern self-elected ‘conclavist’ popes such as the Palmarian and ‘Pope Michael’ lines. Some Orthodox autocephalies are disputed and the recognition picture is still shifting (OCA, and especially the Ukrainian OCU and Macedonian Church) — dates mark self-declared/grant year, not universal recognition. Intra-Orthodox schisms shown as crimson breaks: the Russian Catacomb Church / True Orthodox (refused Metropolitan Sergius’s 1927 loyalty Declaration and went underground) and ROCOR (the émigré church, in schism with Moscow 1927–2007, then reconciled — so drawn as a returned branch). Belarus’s main church is an exarchate WITHIN the Moscow Patriarchate, not autocephalous, so it is not shown separately; the small émigré Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (BAOC, self-declared 1944) IS shown, with a dashed connector marking that its autocephaly is recognized by no canonical church. The 2018 Moscow–Constantinople rupture over Ukraine is a break between two of the teal in-communion churches and is noted rather than drawn as descent. The Ethiopian Tewahedo Church has not been a single unbroken body: a Catholic interlude under Emperor Susenyos and the Jesuits (1622–32, ended when Fasilides expelled them), the Exile Synod under Patriarch Merkorios (1991–2018, two rival patriarchs, reconciled under PM Abiy Ahmed), and the ethnolinguistic Oromia synod of Abune Sawiros (2023, over Afaan Oromo liturgy and representation; provisionally settled but with grievances unresolved). Eritrean Tewahedo (1993) is the autocephaly that followed Eritrean independence. Second Temple Judaism is drawn with the Maccabean revolt (167 BCE) as the anti-Hellenistic hinge: the Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes are shown branching from that Hasmonean-era matrix, over against the pro-Greek Hellenistic Judaism of Philo. John the Baptist’s baptismal-wilderness milieu is placed as an outgrowth of the Essenes / Qumran — a real scholarly hypothesis (shared immersion, wilderness eschatology, calendar) but a contested one, so the link is dashed. First-century Judaea produced many messiah- and prophet-claimants of the type the comparanda chart compares with Jesus: Judas of Galilee (6 CE tax revolt, seeding the Zealots), the sign-prophets Theudas (c. 45) and ‘the Egyptian’ (c. 56) named by Josephus and echoed in Acts 5 and 21, and later Bar Kokhba (132). All are drawn as dead-end branches — suppressed by Rome — which is precisely what makes the survival and mutation of the Jesus movement historically unusual. Peoples Temple is corrected to branch off the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ): Jim Jones was an ordained Disciples minister and the Temple was a Disciples congregation before it drifted into an apostolic-socialist personality cult and the 1978 Jonestown deaths — a reminder that the tree’s catastrophic dead-ends grew from ordinary mainline stock. New religious movements added across several streams: the Holy Spirit Movement (Alice Lakwena) and its successor the Lord’s Resistance Army off the African Initiated Churches; IHOP off the New Apostolic Reformation; the Church of Almighty God (‘Eastern Lightning’) as an indigenous Chinese Christian NRM; Santo Daime and the UDV as Brazilian ayahuasca churches; the Doukhobors and Molokans as 18th-c. Russian Spiritual Christians; the Two-by-Twos (Cooneyites); the episcopi vagantes / independent sacramental movement (with the American World Patriarchs) off Old Catholicism; and Armstrong’s Worldwide Church of God with its splinters (Philadelphia, United) plus Aryan Nations off the British-Israelist / Christian-Identity line. Plymouth Brethren shown as a distinct body: the 1848 Bethesda dispute split them into OPEN (congregationally independent; strong in India’s Kerala) and EXCLUSIVE (Darbyite) branches, the latter narrowing through the Raven–Taylor–Hales line into today’s Plymouth Brethren Christian Church; ‘Needed Truth’ seceded from the Open Brethren in 1889. Bakht Singh’s ‘Jehovah Shammah’ assemblies are an indigenous Indian movement with Brethren-style ecclesiology; the Indian Pentecostal Church of God and The Pentecostal Mission (Ceylon) are indigenous Indian Pentecostal bodies. Nondenominational evangelicalism is here re-rooted on the Stone–Campbell Restoration movement (the ‘just Christians’ / independent-congregation impulse) rather than treated as a free-floating global movement — but it is genuinely CONVERGENT (slate note), drawing at least as heavily on Baptist theology, Methodist-Holiness revivalism, the 1960s–70s Jesus Movement and charismatic renewal. Megachurches are shown as leaf nodes on their real streams: Willow Creek, North Point and Church of the Highlands as nondenominational; Saddleback as Southern Baptist; Lakewood as Pentecostal/prosperity. The Continental (Dutch) Reformed family is unusually schism-prone: the Afscheiding (1834) and Doleantie (1886) seceded from the national Hervormde Kerk and largely reunited as the GKN (1892); the vrijgemaakt ‘Liberation’ (1944) split again; in 2004 the Hervormde Kerk, GKN and Lutherans merged into the PKN, while the Hersteld Hervormde Kerk stayed out. North-American offshoots include the Protestant Reformed (1924), the Canadian/American Reformed (from the vrijgemaakt) and the URCNA (1996). The Latter Day Saint movement fragmented at Joseph Smith’s 1844 death: besides the Utah LDS Church and the Missouri-based Community of Christ (RLDS), smaller succession churches persist — Strangite, Cutlerite, Bickertonite and the Temple Lot (Hedrickite) church — alongside 20th-century fundamentalist bodies that retained plural marriage (FLDS, Apostolic United Brethren, the Kingston order). Christian atheism / ‘Death of God’ theology (Altizer, Hamilton, 1960s) and Christian non-realism (Cupitt’s Sea of Faith, 1984) are placed off Deism as the far end of the rationalist trajectory: they retain Christian ethics and liturgy while denying a metaphysically real, external God. The Elchasaites sit at an intersection: a baptismal sect (their descent line, alongside the Mandaeans — who by contrast venerate John the Baptist and reject Jesus) that is also Jewish-Christian (Torah-observant, an angelic Christ). Manichaeism grew directly out of them (Mani’s father was Elchasaite). Messianic & mahdist claimants recur across all three faiths and are catalogued here rather than merged: in Judaism, Bar Kokhba (whom Rabbi Akiva hailed as Messiah, 132), Moses of Crete, Abu ʿIsa al-Isfahani, David Alroy, Solomon Molcho, then Sabbatai Zevi → Frankism, down to Chabad messianism; in Islam, the mahdist Almohads, the Mahdavia, the Sudanese Mahdiyya, Ahmadiyya and Babī–Baháʼí movements; in Christianity and beyond, Taiping, Father Divine, the Unification Church and Rastafari. Most were short-lived and are marked with end-dates. Earliest Christianity is split into its two poles (F. C. Baur’s thesis): the Torah-observant Jerusalem church under James (with Peter) → the Ebionites, who rejected Paul, and the Nazarenes; versus Paul’s law-free Gentile mission, which became the mainstream and consolidated as the proto-orthodox Great Church. But Paul was claimed across the spectrum: Marcion built his canon on him (red arrow) and Valentinians read him — “the apostle of the heretics.” Conversely the Jerusalem/James tradition fed the proto-orthodox synthesis (purple arrow): the Epistle of James — whose “justified by works, not by faith alone” (Jas 2:24) rebuts Paul — and 1–2 Peter entered the canon anyway. Peter is a bridge figure claimed by both sides; the “Great Church” is an early-catholic synthesis, so the split was a gradual parting, not a formal schism. Connector colour marks the NATURE of a division (distinct from the solid/dashed evidence axis): bold crimson = a hard, mutually-anathematising schism (Arius; Nestorius/Church of the East; Chalcedon 451; the 1054 East–West break; the Karaite split; the Reformation; the Sunni–Shia–Kharijite ruptures; Old Believers; Marcion; Donatism). Dotted teal = a body still in communion or a non-schismatic offshoot (the autocephalous Orthodox churches with one another; the Eastern Catholic churches with Rome; the madhhabs & schools of creed; Sufi orders; Catholic religious orders; Hasidic courts; the ethnic rites). Most branches are neither and stay neutral. Rabbinic Judaism’s formation is shown as a sequence, not a single node: Pharisees → the Yavneh/Tannaitic sages (Mishnah, ~200) → two Amoraic centres, the Land-of-Israel (Jerusalem Talmud, which waned) and Babylonia (Babylonian Talmud → the Geʿonim of Sura & Pumbedita, which became authoritative) → the medieval Rabbanite mainstream, against which the Karaites broke. The tidy “Yavneh council” story is itself debated (S. Cohen, Schwartz, Boyarin: the rabbis were a minority that only slowly became dominant). Emerging & peripheral Jewish communities (dashed = adoptive or claimed, not established descent): the Abayudaya of Uganda adopted Judaism in 1919 and later affiliated with Conservative/Masorti; the Lemba of Southern Africa claim ancient Judaic descent with partial genetic (Cohen-haplotype) support; Igbo Jews in Nigeria claim lost-tribe descent. Beta Israel (older, better-documented) is placed separately on the ancient line. More “parties, not sects”: the medieval Maimonidean controversy (rationalists vs traditionalists over the Guide of the Perplexed) and the early-20th-c Protestant Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy (biblical inerrancy vs theological liberalism) both split communities without forming single churches; the liberal and fundamentalist camps here cut across the Protestant denominations. Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews) practise a non-Talmudic Judaism (Haymanot) built on the Geʿez Orit without rabbinic literature — hence a branch off pre-rabbinic Judaism. Origins are debated: community tradition claims ancient Israelite descent (Dan / the Solomonic line), while much scholarship (Kaplan) sees a late-medieval crystallization drawing on the Judaic substratum of Ethiopian Christianity (blue arrow); the dashed connector marks that contested antiquity. African Independent Churches (AICs) are shown under their actual mission-church parents: Ethiopianism (secession, Methodist), the Aladura prophetic churches (Anglican/CMS Yorubaland), the Zionist & Apostolic Spirit-churches (Pentecostal — Zion City via the Apostolic Faith Mission; incl. Shembe’s amaNazaretha & the ZCC), Kimbanguism (Baptist), the Harrist Church (Methodist), the millenarian Lumpa Church (Church of Scotland), and Legio Maria (Catholic). All blend mission Christianity with African prophecy, healing & ancestral idiom. “Parties, not sects”: several divisions mattered enormously without becoming separate churches — the Sunni schools of law & creed (madhhabs; Muʿtazila/Ashʿari/Maturidi/Athari kalam), the Hasidim vs the Mitnagdim (Litvish), Byzantine Iconoclasm (defeated) vs Hesychasm/Palamism (victorious), and the Russian Possessors vs Non-possessors. They are placed as branches for legibility but are intra-tradition camps. Dashed connectors (see key) flag contested or reconstructive descents: the Hermetic tradition’s survival across the medieval Latin West (Yates thesis); Sethian Gnosticism’s possible pre-Christian Jewish roots; Mandaean origins (Palestinian-baptismal vs later Mesopotamian); Priscillian’s disputed “Gnosticism”; the Paulician→Bogomil→Cathar “dualist international” (whose transmission is now doubted); Cao Đài’s largely non-Catholic core; and Juche’s derivation from its Presbyterian milieu. The link is argued by real scholars but is not settled. Messianic Judaism is doctrinally a Christian tradition (Yeshua as divine Messiah, the New Testament) that adopts Jewish praxis — so it branches on the Christian side, not from Judaism. It is a 20th-c formation out of 19th-c Protestant “Hebrew Christian” missions (Jews for Jesus, 1973); its appeal to the apostolic Jewish church is a legitimating model, NOT a historical descent from the long-extinct Ebionites/Nazarenes — whose low Christology it in fact rejects. Short-lived utopian & apocalyptic sects are marked with end-dates where they collapsed — the Melchiorites & Münster (1535), Fifth Monarchists, Diggers, Camisards, the Rappites, Oneida, Sabbateanism & Frankism, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qarmatian state and the Branch Davidians; several nonetheless seeded lasting movements (the Millerites’ 1844 “Great Disappointment” → Adventism, and the Bible Students → Jehovah’s Witnesses). Christian anarchism is cross-cutting, not one lineage: the Tolstoyan strand leaves Russian Orthodoxy (Tolstoy was anathematized in 1901), the Catholic Worker (Day & Maurin) stays within Roman Catholicism, and a Reformed-Protestant current (Ellul) sits within Calvinism — all share a gospel-primitivist, anti-statist, pacifist impulse. Modern Islamic reform: the Modernist Salafiyya of ʿAbduh & Rida is a shared root that bifurcates — toward liberal/progressive Islam and Quranism (hadith-rejecting rationalism) on one side and, via Rida’s later purism, toward neo-Salafism on the other. Liberal Islam is cross-sectarian (Soroush is Shia). The Sudanese Mahdiyya (Muhammad Ahmad, 1881) is a messianic movement that abrogated the four madhhabs; its Ansar persist today. Political religions & church-state fusions are catalogued neutrally for completeness — across every tradition (Nazi Positive Christianity vs the resisting Confessing Church; Christian Identity; Kahanism vs anti-Zionist Neturei Karta; Salafi-jihadism; Khūmeinist velāyat-e faqīh; the Münster theocracy; Liberation Theology; and the Kim state cult, whose structures scholars trace to its Presbyterian milieu). Inclusion is descriptive, not endorsement. Even the smaller traditions have internal schisms: Samaritan Dositheans; Manichaean Dinawariyya & the Uyghur/Chinese branches; the al-Darazi faction the Druze themselves reject; Baháʼí “Covenant-breaker” groups; and the Rastafari “mansions.” Sufi orders and Hasidic dynasties are sub-traditions/lineages within Islam and Judaism, not schisms — structurally like the Catholic religious orders. Intra-tradition factions are included where notable (Puritans; Russian Possessors vs Non-possessors; Catholic Jansenists, Old Catholics & Vatican-II-rejecting traditionalists) — several ‘won’ or were suppressed and survive only as absorbed tendencies. Influence attributions (⇠) reflect broad scholarly consensus on evident borrowings; the degree of influence is debated in several cases (esp. Hindu→Sufi).